The story within the legend
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'Swearing at Santa Gadea', Picture by Marcos Hiráldez Acosta (1864), on display at the Spanish Senate House |
A new enemy
A solemn music is playing in background. The image on our imaginary T.V. shows us a scarred and flattered land, with a lonely village smoking at some distance. As the camera focus, little by little, in the helpless and plundered village, a narrator speaks. ‘At the end of the 11th century, Spain was a country in turmoil’. What? Yes, I know, it still is. No, seriously, it was even worse then. Ok, not by that much. But a little bit worse. Can I go on, please? Thanks. Solemn music playing in the background, again. ‘The land was divided between kings and lords, while half the country was still under Islamic rule. From Morocco, a new Empire had appeared, threatening the survival of both the Muslims and Christian kingdoms of Spain: -ominous drums- the Almohad Empire.’ You see, it wasn’t that difficult to actually hear. Damn it.
In 1090 the Almohad Caliphate invaded Spain, conquering one by one the petty Muslim emirates in the South of the country, and eager to advance to the North and defeat the long-hated Christian kingdoms. The most important of those Christian kingdoms was the Kingdom of Castile. And it was to the King of Castile, Fernando I, to stop the threat.
A quarrelsome succession.
But Fernando was an old man, and died short before facing the new enemy. According to tradition, Fernando's last will divided his kingdom between his three sons, just as you will do someday with your sons. By this time Rodrigo Diaz, lord of Vivar was a famous and important knight under Fernando's elder son, Sancho. In fact, he was his personal squire and friend.
Just as your sons will do after you are safely and –hopefully- permanently dead, Fernando’s sons immediately started a quarrel about their share of their fathers properties. Only when you are a king a familiar dispute at lunchtime about who inherits your mother’s crockery may become an actual war involving the use of pointed remarks, slices of bread and, if worse comes to worse, spoons.
Sancho II won that war, partially thanks to Rodrigo's aid, and became King of Castile, Leon and Galicia. But his sister, Urraca –yes, seriously, it was her name, and I want to point out it is a perfect and proper Castilian name. For a bird- rebelled against him in Zamora. Even worse, Alfonso, one of Sancho's defeated brothers, fled to Zamora and joined Urraca. What a family, man… isn’t it nice to be a parent?
Once more Rodrigo went to a civil war. Looks like a national sport in Spain; soccer, bullfights and killing each other. But during the siege of Zamora, King Sancho II was slaughtered by treason by a loyal vassal of his brother Alfonso when going to meet him to sign a truce, thus losing the match for accidental deceasing. Rodrigo was with him, but couldn’t prevent his friend’s death. Of course, suspicions arouse about Alfonso’s involvement in his brother’s murder, as he was to become king if something happened to Sancho. But Detective Lieutenant Colombo wasn’t around there to figure it out. And nobody else dared to.
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The 'Traitor's Gate' in Zamora, through which it's said Bellido Dolfos, murderer of Sancho II, fled into Zamora after killing the King. |
Swearing at Santa Gadea
Well,
actually, our friend Rodrigo Diaz is going to spectacularly dare to. Alfonso VI
was proclaimed King at Santa Gadea’s Church, in Burgos. In Castile, kings are
proclaimed, not crowned -they're supposed to bring the crown from home, we
Castilians are an austere people after all. Following the proclamation, the new
king is supposed to receive tribute form their vassals, who one by one bends
his or her knee and swears loyalty to the new king. But when it comes to
Rodrigo Diaz to do so, he refuses. In front of all the astonished and perplexed
nobles and clergymen of Castile he demands Alfonso to swear on the Bible he
didn't plot to murder his brother Sancho. Alfonso, smiling but feeling forced,
complies. Rodrigo, then, bends his knee and swear loyalty to Alfonso. Alfonso,
looking like a very very very happy man, decided he owed one to that man. You'd
better learn this lesson: do not piss a king off.
The exile. Rodrigo becomes the Cid.
While
Sancho and Alfonso and Rodrigo played their particular show of Castilian Game
of Thrones, the Almohade Caliphate consolidated its gains in al-Andalus and
launched an attack against Castile. Alfonso, now Alfonso VI, wanted to stop the
Muslims in pitched battle, but Rodrigo advised him not to. Regardless of his
advice, Alfonso fought and was defeated, square and round, at Sagrajas. Rodrigo
didn’t show up at the battle though Alfonso, somehow, expected him to come to
his help. So Alfonso declared Rodrigo a 'felon' -a traitor, a noble without
honor- and condemned him and anyone who helped him to death. Therefore, Rodrigo
went to exile and became a mercenary.
As
a mercenary, Rodrigo sold his sword, Tizona, to what master wanted to pay for
it. I mean, by selling the sword, that the sword included not only an arm to
hold it -Rodrigo’s arm- but also the rest of the body attached to that arm. And
a couple hundred warriors who decided to follow Rodrigo to exile. He became a
very close friend of the Amir of Zaragoza, the only remaining independent
Muslim King of Spain and, also, an enemy of the Almohads. From him he got the
nickname 'al-Sidi' -eventually becoming 'el Cid'-, meaning 'the lord'. From
him, too, the Cid learns that the Almohads planned an ‘Overlord’ op in Valencia
in order to launch a new offensive against both Christian and Muslims lords of
the Peninsula, with Zaragoza as their main aim.
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The Iberian Peninsula in the time of The Cid. Picture from www.historynet.com |
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The Cid rides into legend
Here
is where the legend starts. The Cid decides to act, allies himself with the
Amir of Zaragoza, and asks help to the King of Castile, willing to unite all
Spaniards, regardless of their religion, against a foreign foe. The plan is to
seize Valencia before the Almohad attacked, and stop their disembarking on its
tracks. But Alfonso was still angry and hesitates.
The
Cid, with a clever trick, seizes Valencia. He first starved the city, and then
bombarded it with bread so the people opened him the gates, just like the
government first take your money and after some time gives you back a little
bit of it so you become very happy with it. A lot of his followers, both
Muslims and Christians, want him to become King of Valencia. But the Cid
refuses, and, instead, sends the Crown of Valencia to Alfonso, whom he still
considered to be his true liege. Thus the phrase usually attached to the Cid
legend: ‘what a good vassal, if only he’d got a good King’. Alfonso, too late,
realizes he has a true and loyal vassal, and sends help to defend Valencia. But
the city is already under siege by a powerful Muslim army. Rodrigo, leading a
charge against them, is mortally wounded. Their followers are in dismay. The
enemy is at the gates, their leader agonizing. If Valencia falls, the rest of
the Peninsula will go after it. What to do?
Rodrigo’s
wife –Doña Jimena- comes up into the stage. She’s got an idea. Has Rodrigo’s
corpse tied on a white horse, holding a white standard and in white armor, with
his sword, Tizona, attached to his hand. No, Tizona was not white, it was a
sword by God shake. A scaffolding holds Rodrigo’s corpse on the horse. And
instead releasing the dogs of war, Doña Jimena released a dead man very much to
the same Shakespearian outcome. The Muslims panic on the sight of a supposed
dead man leading a charge against them. They flee, because as soldiers come,
they are so little used to see dead people that they can not stand their ground
against this one. And Rodrigo keeps charging, nobody able to reach him to take
his horse back to Valencia, being lost forever in the misty shadows of legend
and romance. Solemn music. The End. What? Yes, Spain may be very sunny but we
actually do have mists some and then. Ours is a country of miracles...
Basic cibergraphy and videography
Knowing
it's impossible to be exhaustive, here you have some links and docs if you want
to know more. And if you still think it is very little for you, you know what
to do. Get into the internet and look 'the Cid' up in your favorite internet
search engine. Internet, you know, is great and it's got a lot of info and
stuff. But info is worthless if you don't actually look for it and read it and
change it into formation. And, of course, nobody is going to do that for you...
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Simple
English version for those of you that feel a little bit bolder today.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cid
Spanish
wikipedia on 'Swearing of Santa Gadea', a key -but not contrasted- event of the
'Romance de Mío Cid' . https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_de_Santa_Gadea
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There
is a veru good classical film about this subject, 'The Cid' (1961), featuring
Charlton Heston as the Cid and Sofia Loren as Doña Jimena (the Cid's wife).
There
is a lot of info and data about el Cid and its era in this great history
website: http://www.historynet.com/the-genius-of-el-cid.htm
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A la versión en castellano |